由于減排競爭的加劇，目前全球碳市場的價值估計超過1000億美元  

?？松梨诠臼紫瘓?zhí)行官伍茲認為，碳捕獲和存儲技術(shù)（CCS）是能源市場的必殺技，他認為到2050年前，CCS市場的價值可能達到4萬億美元  

由于各國政府和國際機構(gòu)在努力降低碳排放方面變得越來越積極

據(jù)美國油價網(wǎng)8月14日報道，由于世界上許多國家政府和大公司承諾在2050年前或之后實現(xiàn)凈零碳排放，碳的價值正在穩(wěn)步上升。但碳市場的規(guī)模究竟會有多大？它會挑戰(zhàn)油氣行業(yè)嗎？

目前，碳市場價值估計超過1000億美元，而且隨著綠色能源轉(zhuǎn)型的確立，碳市場價值還在繼續(xù)增長。隨著碳市場價值的增加，這可能對投資者和環(huán)境都是積極的。全球每年大約排放420億噸二氧化碳。如果我們要將全球變暖控制在2攝氏度以內(nèi)，我們必須向大氣中釋放不超過11500億噸的二氧化碳，按照目前的排放速度，這將需要大約25年的時間。作為對這一估計的回應(yīng)，世界上許多國家做出了雄心勃勃的承諾，將在未來25年內(nèi)大幅削減碳排放。

各國政府制定的碳減排政策使得碳市場價值大幅上升。就在10年前，只有21個市場機制對全球5%的碳排放定價。但這一數(shù)字已經(jīng)增加到68個市場機制，占世界碳排放總量的25%。在2015年簽署的《巴黎協(xié)定》之后，全球許多國家都同意了削減碳排放的承諾。去年在格拉斯哥舉行的COP26氣候峰會鼓勵制定更雄心勃勃的目標。預計這次年度峰會將繼續(xù)在全球范圍內(nèi)進一步推動氣候目標，并要求各國對其溫室氣體排放負責。 

一些主要的碳減排機制包括歐盟排放交易計劃（EU ETS）、西部氣候倡議（WCI）、區(qū)域溫室氣體倡議（RGGI）和英國排放交易計劃（ETS）。這些機構(gòu)約占全球碳排放的5%，價值約1100億美元。但是，隨著其他區(qū)域引入它們自己的機制，這一數(shù)字預計將大幅增加。 

碳市場提升其價值的方式是增加碳捕獲量。它的工作原理是評估全球大氣的價值和全球變暖的成本。一些大的參與者已經(jīng)提出，需要給碳以較高的估值，以鼓勵企業(yè)通過引入碳捕獲和存儲（CCS）技術(shù)，并投資可再生能源項目來減少二氧化碳排放，以幫助向綠色轉(zhuǎn)型。 

伍茲7月份曾表示，他相信CCS技術(shù)是收集碳的“必殺技”，并補充說：“如果你能克服其中一些技術(shù)障礙，降低成本，你就有了一種技術(shù)，可以以一種非常經(jīng)濟有效的方式解決這個問題?！笔聦嵣希？松梨诠竟烙?，到2050年前，CCS市場的價值可能高達4萬億美元。 

當談到目前監(jiān)管碳排放市場的不同機制時，有幾個區(qū)域計劃負責監(jiān)管碳排放交易和管理碳排放額度拍賣。他們還幫助政府制定碳排放法規(guī)，從而實現(xiàn)氣候目標。例如，WCI成立于2011年，旨在管理其管轄范圍內(nèi)美國和加拿大的溫室氣體排放交易項目。WCI是一個非營利性組織，為決策者制定新的碳排放法規(guī)提供支持，并以排放數(shù)據(jù)為依據(jù)。

RGGI在美國東部各州扮演著類似的角色。它包括康涅狄格州、特拉華州、緬因州、馬里蘭州、馬薩諸塞州、新罕布什爾州、新澤西州、紐約州、賓夕法尼亞州、羅德島州、佛蒙特州和弗吉尼亞州，設(shè)定碳排放上限，并幫助這些州減少碳排放，以實現(xiàn)地方和國家的氣候目標。RGGI已經(jīng)籌集40億美元，用于支持整個地區(qū)的碳減排計劃。它要求發(fā)電廠排放每噸的二氧化碳，就必須獲得一份RGGI的二氧化碳排放限額，RGGI各州通過季度拍賣發(fā)放碳排放限額，從而有助于規(guī)范市場。發(fā)電廠可能會購買這些配額，而其他發(fā)電廠則會改善它們的碳排放做法。 

在英國，英國脫歐后于去年成立的“英國排放交易制度（ETS）”將英國、蘇格蘭、威爾士等聯(lián)合起來，規(guī)范碳排放，保護英國企業(yè)的競爭力。它遵循《2020年溫室氣體排放交易計劃令》，以強制執(zhí)行英國排放交易體系法規(guī)。

最后，就主要機制而言，EU ETS是一個幫助歐盟實現(xiàn)其氣候政策的歐洲機制，它以成本效益高的方式減少溫室氣體排放，主要側(cè)重于碳市場。它在所有歐盟成員國以及冰島、列支敦士登和挪威運營，限制電力、制造業(yè)和航空業(yè)約1萬個設(shè)施的碳排放。它目前監(jiān)管的法規(guī)涵蓋了該地區(qū)約40%的溫室氣體排放。  

隨著世界多個地區(qū)的成熟機制通過碳削減法規(guī)、支持氣候政策的實施和排放交易幫助提高碳的價值，碳的價格正在被推高。由于未來幾年出現(xiàn)更多的機制，覆蓋世界碳排放的更高比例，碳的價值將飆升。 

李峻 編譯自 美國油價網(wǎng)

原文如下：

The Unstoppable Growth Of Carbon Markets

·     As the race to lower emissions intensifies, the global carbon market is estimated to be worth more than $100 billion.

·     The CEO of ExxonMobil believes that carbon capture and storage technologies are the holy grail of energy markets, believing the CCS market could be worth $4 trillion by 2050.

·     As countries and international bodies become increasingly aggressive in their attempts to lower carbon emissions, the sky truly is the limit for carbon markets.

As many governments and major companies around the world make pledges for net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 or just after, the value of carbon is steadily rising. But just how big will the carbon market become and could it challenge the oil and gas industry? 

At present, carbon markets are thought to be worth above $100 billion and are continuing to grow as the green energy transition takes hold. As the value of carbon increases, this could be positive for both investors and the environment. Globally, around 42 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide are emitted each year. If we are to limit the warming of the planet to 2 degrees, we must release no more than 1,150 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere, which at the current rate of emissions would take around 25 years. In response to this estimation, many countries around the world have made ambitious promises to cut their carbon emissions significantly over the next quarter of a decade. 

Governments have established policies on carbon-cutting that have sent the market value of carbon up substantially. Just ten years ago only 21 market mechanisms were putting a price on 5 percent of carbon emissions worldwide. But this figure has since increased to 68 mechanisms on 25 percent of the world’s emissions. Many countries around the globe agreed to carbon-cutting promises following the 2015 Paris Agreement. And the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow last year encouraged even more ambitious targets. The yearly summit is expected to continue pushing climate goals further globally, as well as holding countries accountable for their greenhouse gas emissions. 

Some of the major mechanisms for carbon-cutting include the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), and the U.K. Emission Trading Scheme (U.K. ETS). These mechanisms account for around 5 percent of the world’s carbon emissions, valued at around $110 billion. But as other regions introduce their own mechanisms, this figure is expected to increase significantly. 

The way that the carbon market boosts its value is by increasing the quantity of carbon captured. It works by assessing the value of the world’s atmosphere and the cost of global warming. Some big players have already suggested that carbon needs to be given a high valuation to encourage companies to reduce their CO2emissions by introducing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies and investing in renewable energy projects to help the shift to green. 

The CEO of Exxon Mobil, Darren Woods, stated last month that he believes CCS technologies are “the holy grail” when it comes to collecting carbon, adding “if you can overcome some of those technology hurdles, get your cost down, you’ve got a technology then that can address this in a very cost-efficient way.” In fact, Exxon estimates the CCS market could be worth as much as $4 trillion by 2050. 

When it comes to the different mechanisms currently in place to regulate the carbon market, several regional schemes oversee carbon emissions trading and manage carbon allowance auctions. They also help governments set regulations on carbon so they can achieve climate targets. For example, the WCI was established in 2011 to manage greenhouse gas emissions trading programs within its jurisdiction, across the U.S. and Canada. The WCI is a non-profit organization that offers support to policymakers to produce new regulations on carbon, supported by emissions data such as their centralized market registry. 

The RGGI acts as a similar body for the eastern states of the U.S. It covers Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia, setting carbon caps and helping these states to reduce their emissions to meet local and national climate targets. RGGI has raised $4 billion to support carbon-cutting initiatives across the region. It helps to regulate the market by requiring power plants to acquire one RGGI CO2 allowance for every short tonne of CO2 they emit, with RGGI states distributing carbon allowances at quarterly auctions. Power plants may purchase these allowances as others improve their carbon practices.

In the U.K., the U.K. ETS, formed in 2021 (following Brexit) joins political powers from the UK, Scottish and Welsh to regulate carbon emissions and protect the competitiveness of U.K. businesses. It follows the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 to enforce compliance with the UK ETS regulations.

And finally, in terms of the major mechanisms, the EU ETS is the European body that helps the E.U. to achieve its climate policy by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a cost-effective way, focusing primarily on the carbon market. It operates in all the E.U. member states, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, limiting emissions from approximately 10,000 installations across the power, manufacturing, and aviation industries. It currently oversees regulations covering around 40 percent of the region’s greenhouse gases.

As well-established mechanisms across several regions of the world are helping to increase the value of carbon through carbon- cutting regulations, supporting the implementation of climate policy, and emissions trading, the price of carbon is being driven up. As more mechanisms emerge over the coming years, covering a higher percentage of the world’s carbon emissions, the value of carbon is set to soar.