實(shí)現(xiàn)氣候政策承諾的壓力越來(lái)越大，引發(fā)了碳捕獲和儲(chǔ)存（CCS）技術(shù)的繁榮。

由于世界繼續(xù)沉迷于化石燃料，CCS技術(shù)可以提供各國(guó)政府一直在尋找的凈零解決方案。

幾個(gè)國(guó)家政府已經(jīng)建立了戰(zhàn)略和基金，在未來(lái)幾十年增加CCS項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量，旨在使他們經(jīng)濟(jì)脫碳。 

據(jù)美國(guó)油價(jià)網(wǎng)7月9日?qǐng)?bào)道，來(lái)自國(guó)際能源署越來(lái)越大的壓力和去年COP26氣候峰會(huì)后全球參與者建立的期望，促使油氣公司引入大量的碳削減技術(shù)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)更清潔的石油和天然氣生產(chǎn)?，F(xiàn)在，世界各國(guó)政府都在大力投資減碳和儲(chǔ)存技術(shù)，以確保本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在未來(lái)幾十年實(shí)現(xiàn)脫碳，符合《巴黎協(xié)定》的承諾。由于世界繼續(xù)沉迷于化石燃料，CCS技術(shù)可以提供各國(guó)政府一直在尋找的凈零排放解決方案，以實(shí)現(xiàn)氣候政策的承諾。到2021年，所有正在運(yùn)行或在建的CCS設(shè)施每年的二氧化碳捕獲能力約為4000萬(wàn)噸。到2030年前，目前已經(jīng)宣布的運(yùn)營(yíng)將使這一數(shù)字上升到每年1.9億噸二氧化碳。盡管預(yù)測(cè)到2030年全球二氧化碳捕獲能力在3.5億噸至17億噸之間，到目前為止，將CCS技術(shù)應(yīng)用于油氣開(kāi)采的主要缺點(diǎn)是成本增加。不過(guò)，如果引入碳稅，很可能會(huì)鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)在運(yùn)營(yíng)中使用CCS設(shè)備。 

荷蘭跨國(guó)銀行和金融服務(wù)公司荷蘭國(guó)際集團(tuán)（ING）認(rèn)為，CCS技術(shù)將成為減少碳排放的重要工具，因?yàn)轭A(yù)計(jì)到本世紀(jì)中葉，全球一些國(guó)家仍將繼續(xù)依賴(lài)化石燃料。 然而，由于CCS技術(shù)目前還處于發(fā)展的初級(jí)階段，各國(guó)政府將不得不通過(guò)將其納入氣候政策、補(bǔ)貼設(shè)備成本、提供稅收減免或其他碳捕獲獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)措施來(lái)激勵(lì)能源公司使用CCS技術(shù)。  

為此，英國(guó)在2020年設(shè)立了碳捕獲與儲(chǔ)存基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施基金（CIF），預(yù)算近12億美元。英國(guó)政府認(rèn)為，碳捕獲、使用和儲(chǔ)存（CCUS）以及氫氣，將對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)英國(guó)的氣候承諾至關(guān)重要。作為計(jì)劃的一部分，英國(guó)政府希望在本世紀(jì)20年代中期至少建立兩個(gè)CCUS設(shè)施群，到2030年前建立四個(gè)CCUS設(shè)施群，以期在2030年底前捕獲1000萬(wàn)噸二氧化碳。  

在美國(guó)，美國(guó)能源部（DoE）宣布了一份意向通知，擬投入22.5億美元用于增加全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的碳儲(chǔ)存項(xiàng)目數(shù)量，項(xiàng)目所需資金來(lái)自美國(guó)的《基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施法》。每個(gè)碳儲(chǔ)存項(xiàng)目將有能力儲(chǔ)存至少5000萬(wàn)噸捕獲的二氧化碳，相當(dāng)于1000萬(wàn)輛內(nèi)燃機(jī)汽車(chē)每年排放的二氧化碳。

美國(guó)能源部還計(jì)劃出資9100萬(wàn)美元推進(jìn)關(guān)鍵的碳管理技術(shù)。這個(gè)計(jì)劃支持了美國(guó)到2050年前實(shí)現(xiàn)凈零經(jīng)濟(jì)的目標(biāo)。 

與此同時(shí)，澳大利亞政府宣布了一項(xiàng)1.7億美元的計(jì)劃，以促進(jìn)CCUS在該國(guó)的運(yùn)營(yíng)。澳大利亞政府的這個(gè)戰(zhàn)略旨在鼓勵(lì)國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際研究合作，并降低技術(shù)采用的成本。CCUS中心與技術(shù)項(xiàng)目支持政府的技術(shù)投資路線(xiàn)圖，旨在降低二氧化碳?jí)嚎s、運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存的價(jià)格，以鼓勵(lì)更多的吸收。

7月，澳大利亞AspiraDAC公司宣布了一項(xiàng)新的CCS技術(shù)，這表明澳大利亞正在迅速趕上歐洲和北美的同行。這臺(tái)帳篷大小的太陽(yáng)能機(jī)器采用了直接空氣捕捉（DAC）技術(shù)。AspiraDAC公司已經(jīng)簽署了一份價(jià)值70萬(wàn)美元的合同，預(yù)計(jì)到2027年前將推出180臺(tái)太陽(yáng)能機(jī)器，以每噸1000美元的成本捕獲并存儲(chǔ)500噸二氧化碳。

環(huán)保組織呼吁在歐洲采取更有凝聚力的方法來(lái)進(jìn)行碳捕獲。政府間氣候變化專(zhuān)門(mén)委員會(huì)（IPCC）已經(jīng)非常明確地表示，如果我們希望到2100年將碳排放減少到全球氣候變暖不超過(guò)1.5℃的水平，一些行業(yè)將必須將CCS技術(shù)納入其運(yùn)營(yíng)。 

歐盟委員會(huì)已將CCS納入其Fit For 55氣候提案，并于去年啟動(dòng)了CCUS論壇。然而，氣候組織認(rèn)為，如果各國(guó)要實(shí)現(xiàn)其CCS目標(biāo)，就需要在歐盟層面制定一個(gè)更具戰(zhàn)略意義的政策框架。目前已有50個(gè)CCS項(xiàng)目正在進(jìn)行中，其中許多項(xiàng)目需要跨境運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存二氧化碳。  

目前世界上幾個(gè)國(guó)家政府已經(jīng)建立了戰(zhàn)略和基金，在未來(lái)幾十年里增加CCS項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量，旨在使他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)脫碳。然而，世界政治大國(guó)現(xiàn)在必須考慮采用區(qū)域性的CCS方法，以確保它們的努力具有凝聚力，并確保二氧化碳能夠在適當(dāng)?shù)牡攸c(diǎn)高效地運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存，必要時(shí)可以跨越國(guó)界運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存。 

李峻 編譯自 美國(guó)油價(jià)網(wǎng)

原文如下：

Carbon Capture Tech Is Taking The World By Storm

·     Growing pressure to meet climate policy promises has sparked a boom in carbon capture and storage technology.

·     As the world continues with its addiction to fossil fuels, CCS could provide the net-zero solution governments have been looking for.

·     Several state governments have already established strategies and funds to increase the number of CCS projects over the next decades, aimed at decarbonizing their economies.

Mounting pressure from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and expectations established by global players following last year’s COP26 climate summit have led companies to introduce a multitude of carbon-cutting techniques, to make for the cleaner production of oil and gas. Now, governments worldwide are investing heavily in carbon-cutting and storage (CCS) technologies to ensure the decarbonization of their national economies over the coming decades, in line with Paris Agreement pledges. As the world continues with its addiction to fossil fuels, CCS could provide the net-zero solution governments have been looking for to meet climate policy promises. By 2021, all operating CCS facilities that were operational or under construction had a CO2 capturing capacity of around 40 Mt of carbon dioxide annually. And the operations that have so far been announced will bring that figure up to around 190 Mt CO2 a year by 2030. Although forecasts range between 350 Mt CO2 and 1.7 Gt CO2 of capturing capacity worldwide by 2030. So far, the main drawback to the incorporation of CCS technologies into oil and gas operations is the added cost. Although if carbon taxes are introduced, it is likely to incentivize companies to use CCS equipment in their operations.

Dutch multinational banking and financial services firm ING believes that CCS technologies will become a vital tool for cutting carbon, as several countries around the globe are expected to continue to rely on fossil fuels well into the mid-century. However, as CCS is currently in a nascent stage of development, governments will have to incentivize energy companies to use CCS technologies by including it in their climate policies, subsidizing the cost of equipment, and offering tax breaks or other incentives for carbon capture. 

To this end, the U.K. set up a Carbon Capture and Storage Infrastructure Fund (CIF) in 2020, with a budget of almost $1.2 billion. The government believes that carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS), as well as hydrogen, will be critical to meeting the country’s climate commitments. As part of the plan, the government hopes to establish at least two CCUS clusters by the mid-2020s, and four by 2030 to capture 10MtCO?/year by the end of the decade. 

In the U.S., the Department of Energy (DoE) announced a Notice of Intent for $2.25 billion of spending to boost the number of carbon storage projects across the country, with funds coming from Infrastructure Law. Each site will have the capacity to store a minimum of 50 million Mt of captured carbon dioxide, equivalent to that emitted by 10 million ICE cars each year. The DoE also plans to fund the advancement of critical carbon management technologies at a cost of $91 million. This scheme supports his aim for a net-zero economy by 2050. 

Meanwhile, in Australia, the government announced a $170 million program in 2021 to boost CCUS operations in the country. The strategy aims to encourage domestic and international research collaborations and lower the cost of technology adoption. The CCUS Hubs and Technologies program supports the government’s Technology Investment Roadmap, aiming to reduce the price of CO2 compression, transport, and storage to encourage greater uptake. 

This month, an Australian company, AspiraDAC, announced a new CCS technology showing Australia is quickly catching up with its European and North American counterparts. The solar-powered, tent-sized machine uses direct air capture (DAC) technology. The company has already signed a $700,000 contract and expects to roll out 180 machines to capture and store 500 tonnes of CO2 by 2027, at a cost of $1,000 a tonne. 

And environmental organizations are calling for a more cohesive approach to carbon capture in Europe. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has made it abundantly clear that several industries will have to incorporate CCS technologies into their operations if we are to hope to decrease carbon emissions to the level required to achieve no more than 1.5°C global warming by 2100.  

The European Commission has included CCS in its Fit For 55 proposals as well as launched a CCUS Forum last year. However, climate organizations believe that a more strategic policy framework needs to be set out at the E.U. level if countries are to achieve their CCS goals, with 50 projects already underway, many of which require the cross-border transport and storage of CO2.

Several state governments have already established strategies and funds to increase the number of CCS projects over the next decades, aimed at decarbonizing their economies. However, the world’s political powers must now consider a regional approach to CCS to ensure that their efforts are cohesive and that CO2 can be transported and stored efficiently in suitable sites, where necessary across borders.